junior minister

   A minister of state or parliamentary undersecretary who assists the departmental minister (often known as secretary of state) who heads a government department. A junior minister usually assumes responsibility for a particular area of departmental policy. jury trial Juries have long been portrayed as bastions of British liberty. Trial by jury dates back to the period after the Norman Conquest and became customary during the reign of Henry II in the late twelfth century. It is seen as a cardinal feature of justice that the guilt of those charged with a criminal offence should be determined by their peers, bringing the law closer to the people. This is seen as a bulwark against oppression, particularly valuable when the decision (as in cases of defamation of character) involves a consideration of the construction which would be placed upon it by the everyday man or woman. Juries provide ordinary people with an opportunity for active participation in the affairs of government. If jurors err, it is more likely to be on the side of the accused. For these reasons, the public have faith in the jury system.

   Critics allege that juries are inappropriate to deal with highly technical cases and some civil cases involving the awarding of damages. (‘Considerable’ damages may mean different things according to the standards of living of those sitting in a particular court.) Sometimes, trials last over several days or weeks, so that jurors, equipped with no special training, have to follow arguments and evidence which can be exceedingly complex. Recent legislation, such as the 2004 Criminal Justice Act, has restricted the right of jury trial.